| Year | Tm[°C] | Average_5years | Average_ perc_deviation | Average_ perc_deviation% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1966 | 15,5 | 15,4 | -0,025 | -2,484 |
| 1967 | 15,4 | 15,4 | -0,031 | -3,113 |
| 1968 | 15,3 | 15,4 | -0,037 | -3,742 |
| 1969 | 15,3 | 15,4 | -0,037 | -3,742 |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
We have started from the average temperature’s data of Rome, provided in class, for every year in the last 57 years.
From these data we have extracted 3 calculated values:
- Average5years= Average of the previous 2 years, the same year and the 2 subsequent ones
- Averagepercdeviation= [Tm [°C] – Total average (15,9°)] / Total average (15,9°)
- Averagepercdeviation%= Averageperc_deviation* 100
And extracted the following 3 graphs:
-Graph Tm [°C] for each yearㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤ-Graph Average_5years for each yearㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤ-Analyses Average_ perc_deviation ㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤ ㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤ ㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤ ㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤdeviation percentage of the temperature, ㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤ ㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤ ㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤ compared to the average temperature of the ㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤㅤlast 57 years (from 1966 to 2023) equal to 15,9°
From the histogram we note that the average annual temperature remained under the total average of
15,9° until 2006, with two particular exceptions in 1982 e 1994.
From 2007 to now, it has always grown.
COMBINED CHARTS
This graph overlaps the average percentage deviation of the temperatures (Average_ perc_deviation% -blue
bars), compared to the annual average variation of the temperatures (orange line). The axis Y on the sx contains the values of the Tm [°C], the axis Y on the dx contains the average % deviations values.
We recognize a basically similar trend.
In particular we note that until the 90’s the % deviation ramained often below the total average of 15,9°, instead, starting from the 2000’s, the average % deviation and the annual average temperatures undergo an unstoppable increase, except for 2004 e 2005.
This second graph overlaps the average percentage deviation of temperatures (Average_ perc_deviation% -
blue bars), compared to the average every five years (Average_5years -orange line). The axis Y on the sx contains the values of the average every five years, the axis Y on the dx contains the average % deviation values.
It is the same thing as above. The orange line results more flattened than the previous one, because it represents an average every 5 years.
DATA
| Year | Tm[°C] | Average_5years | Average_ perc_deviation | Average_ perc_deviation% |
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| 1966 | 15,5 | 15,4 | -0,025 | -2,484 |
| 1967 | 15,4 | 15,4 | -0,031 | -3,113 |
| 1968 | 15,3 | 15,4 | -0,037 | -3,742 |
| 1969 | 15,3 | 15,4 | -0,037 | -3,742 |
| 1970 | 15,6 | 15,5 | -0,019 | -1,855 |
| 1971 | 15,6 | 15,6 | -0,019 | -1,855 |
| 1972 | 15,6 | 15,6 | -0,019 | -1,855 |
| 1973 | 15,9 | 15,6 | 0,000 | 0,033 |
| 1974 | 15,4 | 15,6 | -0,031 | -3,113 |
| 1975 | 15,4 | 15,6 | -0,031 | -3,113 |
| 1976 | 15,5 | 15,5 | -0,025 | -2,484 |
| 1977 | 15,8 | 15,6 | -0,006 | -0,597 |
| 1978 | 15,2 | 15,6 | -0,044 | -4,371 |
| 1979 | 16,1 | 15,6 | 0,013 | 1,291 |
| 1980 | 15,2 | 15,7 | -0,044 | -4,371 |
| 1981 | 15,5 | 15,8 | -0,025 | -2,484 |
| 1982 | 16,3 | 15,6 | 0,025 | 2,549 |
| 1983 | 15,7 | 15,7 | -0,012 | -1,226 |
| 1984 | 15,1 | 15,7 | -0,050 | -5,001 |
| 1985 | 15,9 | 15,6 | 0,000 | 0,033 |
| 1986 | 15,3 | 15,6 | -0,037 | -3,742 |
| 1987 | 16,1 | 15,7 | 0,013 | 1,291 |
| 1988 | 15,8 | 15,7 | -0,006 | -0,597 |
| 1989 | 15,2 | 15,7 | -0,044 | -4,371 |
| 1990 | 15,9 | 15,7 | 0,000 | 0,033 |
| 1991 | 15,3 | 15,7 | -0,037 | -3,742 |
| 1992 | 16,2 | 16,0 | 0,019 | 1,920 |
| 1993 | 15,9 | 15,9 | 0,000 | 0,033 |
| 1994 | 16,6 | 15,8 | 0,044 | 4,436 |
| 1995 | 15,4 | 15,8 | -0,031 | -3,113 |
| 1996 | 15,1 | 15,8 | -0,050 | -5,001 |
| 1997 | 15,8 | 15,6 | -0,006 | -0,597 |
| 1998 | 15,9 | 15,8 | 0,000 | 0,033 |
| 1999 | 16,0 | 15,9 | 0,007 | 0,662 |
| 2000 | 16,0 | 15,9 | 0,007 | 0,662 |
| 2001 | 15,9 | 16,0 | 0,000 | 0,033 |
| 2002 | 15,9 | 15,9 | 0,000 | 0,033 |
| 2003 | 16,1 | 15,8 | 0,013 | 1,291 |
| 2004 | 15,5 | 15,8 | -0,025 | -2,484 |
| 2005 | 15,5 | 15,8 | -0,025 | -2,484 |
| 2006 | 15,8 | 15,8 | -0,006 | -0,597 |
| 2007 | 16,1 | 16,0 | 0,013 | 1,291 |
| 2008 | 16,2 | 16,0 | 0,019 | 1,920 |
| 2009 | 16,4 | 16,1 | 0,032 | 3,178 |
| 2010 | 15,7 | 16,1 | -0,012 | -1,226 |
| 2011 | 16,1 | 16,1 | 0,013 | 1,291 |
| 2012 | 16,1 | 16,2 | 0,013 | 1,291 |
| 2013 | 16,1 | 16,3 | 0,013 | 1,291 |
| 2014 | 16,9 | 16,4 | 0,063 | 6,324 |
| 2015 | 16,4 | 16,5 | 0,032 | 3,178 |
| 2016 | 16,7 | 16,7 | 0,051 | 5,066 |
| 2017 | 16,3 | 16,6 | 0,025 | 2,549 |
| 2018 | 17,0 | 16,6 | 0,070 | 6,953 |
| 2019 | 16,6 | 16,5 | 0,044 | 4,436 |
| 2020 | 16,3 | 16,7 | 0,025 | 2,549 |
| 2021 | 16,3 | 16,7 | 0,025 | 2,549 |
| 2022 | 17,1 | 16,7 | 0,076 | 7,582 |
| 2023 | 17,1 | 16,6 | 0,076 | 7,582 |
IMAGES OF THE ESTATE OF CASTELPORZIANOIn this thematic map of 2016 it is possible to observe the reserve of Castelporziano, identifying the areas with different percentage of presence of Pinus Pinea L.
According to the legenda, the areas colored with a darker blue are those where the presence of domestic pines is greater.
In particular, the central area of the reserve, bordered by a red line, has a strong concentration of pines, so our attention has focused mainly on that part of the territory, to note the differences.
Year after year.
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USE OF FALSE COLOR URBANㅤ
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These frequencies are used to distinguish more clearly urbanized areas in shades of white, gray or purple compared to those of vegetation, which remains visible in shades of green. Water is black or blue in color.The following images and timelapse show that the dark green areas, corresponding to the presence of the domestic pines, over the years, they fade, tending to a brown-gray color, a sign of the impoverishment of the leaves of the trees.
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Castelporziano 2017 (false color urban)
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Castelporziano 2019 (false color urban)
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TIMELAPSE 2017-2023 (FALSE COLOR URBAN)ㅤㅤㅤ
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USE INDEX NDVI
The normalised vegetation difference index is a simple but effective way of quantifying green vegetation. It is a measure of vegetation health based on how well plants niflect light at certain wavelengths. The range of NDVI values is between -1 and 1. Negative NDVI values (values close to -1) correspond to water.
Values close to zero (-0.1 to 0.1) generally correspond to barren areas of rock, sand or snow.
Low, positive values represent shrubs and grasslands (around 0.2 to 0.4), while high values indicate temperate and tropical rainforests (values close to 1).
The combination of frequencies called NDVI is a simple but effective index to quantify green vegetation. It is a measure of the health of vegetation based on how plants reflect light, determined by wavelengths. The range is from -1 to 1. Negative NDVI values (values close to - 1) correspond to water. Values close to zero (- 0.1 to 0.1) generally correspond to barren areas of rock, sand or snow. Low, positive values represent shrubs and grasslands (around 0.2 to 0.4), while high values indicate temperate and tropical rainforests (values close to 1).
From the following photos, one can see a general decline in the health of the vegetation in the reserve. In 2018, the green is very intense, while in the following years, we can see that there appear large areas of lighter green.ㅤ
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Castelporziano 2017 (NDVI)
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Castelporziano 2019 (NDVI)
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NDVI INDEX FOR A DELIMITED AREAUsing the same NDVI index, in these images we focused on the previously indicated portion of the territory and displayed the histogram showing the distribution of NDVI frequencies in that portion.
We note in particular that from 2021 the peak frequencies tend to move to the left towards central values, demonstrating the progressive weakening of the health of the vegetation in the reserve, already noted in the previous photos.ㅤㅤㅤ
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ㅤMarch 2017 - NDVI index for delimited area (Cloud at 90%)
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This vegetation index for soil is similar to the NDVI index but is used in areas where vegetation cover is low (<40%). The index is a transformation technique that minimizes the influence of soil brightness. It is useful when analyzing young crops, arid regions with sparse vegetation and exposed soil surfaces.
We took a sample of only two photos for example for this frequency: 2018 vs 2023, and also in this case there are significant drops in the intensity of the green and large areas with prevalence of soil.
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USE INDEX FALSE COLORThis very popular index uses near infrared bands, of red and green. This index in false colour is generally used to evaluate the density and the healt of the plants, because they reflect the near infrared and the green light while the y absorb the red. The pigment in the plant's leaves,the chlorophill, absorb the visible light (from 0.4 µm to 0.7 µm) that use in the photosinthesis. the cellular structure of the leaves, instead, reflect the near infrared's light (from 0.7 µm to 0.1.1 µm). more leaves a plant have more that wavelegths are influenced.
How we can see in the image below, an healty plant has an high absorption of the wavelenghts close to the color blue and the color red. Instead it reflects the green (in this way we see the plants of this color) and above all it assorbs so much the infrared (NIR) invisible to the naked eye.
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In 2017 the area highlighted in the first image measured 2.4kmq, while in 2023 the area shrank to a value of 1.3kmq
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Castelporziano April 2017 (false color)
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ㅤㅤㅤCastelporziano April 2018 (false color)
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ㅤㅤCastelporziano April 2022 (false color)
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Castelporziano April 2023 (false color)ㅤ
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TIMELAPSE 2017-2023 (false color urban)ㅤㅤㅤ
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